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EcommScripts.Buybox : null var Modal = EcommScripts ? EcommScripts.Modal : null if (weHasBrowserSupport && Buybox && Modal) { var modalID = "ecomm-modal_" + timestamp + "_" + index var modal = new Modal(modalID) modal.domEl.addEventListener("close", close) function close() { form.querySelector("button[type=submit]").focus() } var cartURL = "/cart" var cartModalURL = "/cart?messageOnly=1" form.setAttribute( "action", formAction.replace(cartURL, cartModalURL) ) var formSubmit = Buybox.interceptFormSubmit( Buybox.fetchFormAction(window.fetch), Buybox.triggerModalAfterAddToCartSuccess(modal), function() { form.removeEventListener("submit", formSubmit, false) form.setAttribute( "action", formAction.replace(cartModalURL, cartURL) ) form.submit() } ) form.addEventListener("submit", formSubmit, false) document.body.appendChild(modal.domEl) } else { console.log("binding failed:", weHasBrowserSupport, EcommScripts) } } } })() NotesUN Member States are committed to biennial reporting of a set of 25 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) indicators designed to measure progress in the overall AIDS response at the country level including the response among most-at-risk populations. UNGASS Indicator #1 (related to financing) includes a category to record spending on HIV servicesspecifically among MSM although only a subset of countries reported relevant data for this category in 2010.ReferencesBaral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000–2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4(12):e339.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar Sullivan PS, Hamouda O, Delpech V, Geduld JE, Prejean J, Semaille C, et al. Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(6):423–31.Article PubMed Google Scholar Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367–77.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar Beyrer C, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, Dowdy D, Altman D, Trapence G, et al. A call to action for comprehensive HIV services for men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):424–38.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar Saavedra J, Izazola-Licea JA, Beyrer C. Sex between men in the context of HIV: The AIDS 2008 Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture in health and human rights. J Int AIDS Soc. 2008;11(1):9.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar amfAR. MSM, HIV, and the Road to Universal Access—How Far Have We Come? New York, NY: amfAR, 2008.Beyrer C. Global prevention of HIV infection for neglected populations: men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Suppl 3):S108–13.Article PubMed Google Scholar Ayala G, Herbert P, Keatley J, Sundararaj M. An analysis of major HIV donor investments targeting mem who have sex with men and transgender people. Oakland: The Global Forum on MSM & HIV (MSMGF); 2011.Beyrer C, Sullivan P, Sanchez J, Baral SD, Collins C, Wirtz AL, et al. The increase in global HIV epidemics in MSM. AIDS. 2013;27:2665–78.Kippax S, Stephenson N. Beyond the distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV prevention through the lens of a social public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):789–99.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar MacQueen KM. Framing the social in biomedical HIV prevention trials: a 20-year retrospective. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14(Suppl 2):S3.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar Coates TJ, Richter L, Caceres C. Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):669–84.Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar Brown JL, Vanable PA. Cognitive-behavioral stress management interventions for persons living with HIV: a review and critique of the literature. 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Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013. http://www.emis-project.eu/final-report.Download referencesAcknowledgmentsWe thank the participants who completed the GMHR online survey.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsThe Global Forum on MSM and HIV (MSMGF), 436 14th Street, Suite 1500, Oakland, CA, 94612, USASonya Arreola, Jack Beck, Mohan Sundararaj, Pato Hebert, Keletso Makofane & George AyalaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USAGlenn-Milo SantosSan Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USAGlenn-Milo SantosMailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USAPatrick A. WilsonCenter for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USATri D. DoAuthorsSonya ArreolaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGlenn-Milo SantosView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarJack BeckView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarMohan SundararajView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarPatrick A. WilsonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarPato HebertView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarKeletso MakofaneView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarTri D. DoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGeorge AyalaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to Sonya Arreola.Rights and permissionsReprints and PermissionsAbout this articleCite this articleArreola, S., Santos, GM., Beck, J. et al. Sexual Stigma, Criminalization, Investment, and Access to HIV Services Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Worldwide. AIDS Behav 19, 227–234 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-xDownload citationPublished: 03 August 2014Issue Date: February 2015DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x">
Author(s): Arreola S, Santos GM, Beck J, Sundararaj M, Wilson PA, et al.
Globally, HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM). This study explored associations between access to HIV services and (1) individual-level perceived sexual stigma; (2) country-level criminalization of homosexuality; and (3) country-level investment in HIV services for MSM. 3,340 MSM completed an online survey assessing access to HIV services. MSM from over 115 countries were categorized according to criminalization of homosexuality policy and investment in HIV services targeting MSM. Lower access to condoms, lubricants, and HIV testing were each associated with greater perceived sexual stigma, existence of homosexuality criminalization policies, and less investment in HIV services. Lower access to HIV treatment was associated with greater perceived sexual stigma and criminalization. Criminalization of homosexuality and low investment in HIV services were both associated with greater perceived sexual stigma. Efforts to prevent and treat HIV among MSM should be coupled with structural interventions to reduce stigma, overturn homosexuality criminalization policies, and increase investment in MSM-specific HIV services.
ResumenGlobalmente, el VIH afecta desproporcionadamente a los HSH. Este estudio exploró las asociaciones entre el acceso a servicios para el VIH y (1) la percepción del estigma sexual a nivel individual; (2) la criminalización de la homosexualidad en cada país; y (3) el nivel de inversión financiera por país en servicios para el VIH dirigidos a HSH. Un total de 3,340 HSH completaron una encuesta a través del internet sobre el acceso a servicios para el VIH. HSH de más de 115 países fueron clasificados según las legislaciones sobre la criminalización de la homosexualidad y el nivel de inversión en servicios para el VIH dirigido a HSH. Un menor acceso a condones, lubricantes y pruebas del VIH fueron asociados con una mayor percepción del estigma sexual, la existencia de legislación sobre la criminalización de la homosexualidad y menos inversión en servicios para el VIH. Menos acceso a tratamientos para el VIH, fue asociado con una mayor percepción de estigma sexual y la criminalización de la homosexualidad. A su vez, la criminalización de la homosexualidad y la baja inversión en servicios para el VIH, fueron asociados con una mayor percepción del estigma sexual. Los esfuerzos para prevenir y tratar el VIH entre HSH necesitan ser ligados a intervenciones estructurales para reducir el estigma, reformar legislaciones de criminalización de la homosexualidad y aumentar las inversiones en los servicios para el VIH específicamente diseñados para HSH.
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ReferencesBaral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000–2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4(12):e339.
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Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367–77.
Beyrer C, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, Dowdy D, Altman D, Trapence G, et al. A call to action for comprehensive HIV services for men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):424–38.
Saavedra J, Izazola-Licea JA, Beyrer C. Sex between men in the context of HIV: The AIDS 2008 Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture in health and human rights. J Int AIDS Soc. 2008;11(1):9.
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Beyrer C. Global prevention of HIV infection for neglected populations: men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Suppl 3):S108–13.
Ayala G, Herbert P, Keatley J, Sundararaj M. An analysis of major HIV donor investments targeting mem who have sex with men and transgender people. Oakland: The Global Forum on MSM & HIV (MSMGF); 2011.
Beyrer C, Sullivan P, Sanchez J, Baral SD, Collins C, Wirtz AL, et al. The increase in global HIV epidemics in MSM. AIDS. 2013;27:2665–78.
Kippax S, Stephenson N. Beyond the distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV prevention through the lens of a social public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):789–99.
MacQueen KM. Framing the social in biomedical HIV prevention trials: a 20-year retrospective. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14(Suppl 2):S3.
Coates TJ, Richter L, Caceres C. Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):669–84.
Brown JL, Vanable PA. Cognitive-behavioral stress management interventions for persons living with HIV: a review and critique of the literature. Ann Behav Med. 2008;35(1):26–40.
AIDS.gov. Sexual Risk Factors 2012 [06/17/2014]. http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/sexual-risk-factors/.
Johnson WD, Diaz RM, Flanders WD, Goodman M, Hill AN, Holtgrave D, et al. Behavioral interventions to reduce risk for sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;16(3):CD001230.
Beyrer C. HIV epidemiological update and transmission factors: risks and risk contexts–16th international AIDS conference epidemiology plenary. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:981–7.
Herek GM. Beyond “homophobia”: thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sex Res Soc Policy A J NSRC. 2004;1(2):6–24.
Wilson P, Santos GM, Hebert P, Ayala G. Access to HIV prevention services and attitudes about emerging strategies: a global survey of men who have sex with men (MSM) and their health care providers. Oakland, CA: The Global Forum on MSM and HIV (MSMGF), 2011 July, 2011. Report No.
Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208–30.
Herek GM, Glunt EK. Identity and community among gay and bisexual men in the AIDS era: preliminary findings from the Sacramento Men’s Health Study. In: Herek GM, Greene B, editors. AIDS, identity, and community: the HIV epidemic and lesbians and gay men. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 1995. p. 55–84.
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AcknowledgmentsWe thank the participants who completed the GMHR online survey.
Author informationAuthors and Affiliations AuthorsSonya ArreolaView author publications Glenn-Milo SantosView author publications Jack BeckView author publications Mohan SundararajView author publications Patrick A. WilsonView author publications Pato HebertView author publications Keletso MakofaneView author publications Tri D. DoView author publications George AyalaView author publications Corresponding author Rights and permissionsReprints and Permissions
About this articleCite this articleArreola, S., Santos, GM., Beck, J. et al. Sexual Stigma, Criminalization, Investment, and Access to HIV Services Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Worldwide. AIDS Behav 19, 227–234 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x
Published: 03 August 2014
Issue Date: February 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x
Referred From: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x