Protection of cholinergic and antioxidant system contributes to the effect of berberine ameliorating memory dysfunction in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) galantamine is currently used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it has been suggested to have several neuroprotective effects. To investigate the potential application of this drug to the treatment of Huntington's disease, we examined whether galantamine can reduce the striatal degeneration induced by the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). 3NP (63 mg/kg/day) was delivered to Lewis rats by osmotic pumps for 5 consecutive days, and the rats received intraperitoneal administration of either different concentrations of galantamine (1 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day, twice daily) or vehicle (saline) throughout the experiment. Galantamine attenuated the 3NP-induced neurologic deficits on days 2–5. Galantamine-treated rats showed smaller striatal lesion volumes measured by Nissl staining and lower numbers of TUNEL+ apoptotic cells when compared to the vehicle-treated rats. Galantamine failed to reduce the striatal lesion volume when co-administered with mecamylamine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Our data indicate that galantamine can attenuate neurodegeneration in a Huntington's disease model by modulating nAChR.